A cultural-psychological account arguing that Korean trust rests not on another person's behavior but on their maum (마음, heart/mind).
Maum as the Basis of Trust and Distrust in Interpersonal Relationships from Indigenous and Cultural Perspectives
한국사회에서의 대인관계속의 신뢰와 불신의 기반으로서의 마음에 대한 문화심리학적 접근
QUESTION
How can trust-building in interpersonal relationships be understood, from a cultural-psychological standpoint, as resting on the other person's maum (heart/mind)?
FINDINGS
In everyday life the basis of trust is the other person's heart, not their behavior; studying behavior while skipping the heart is closer to studying behavioral predictability than trust.
신뢰라는 말이 사용되는 맥락속에서 신뢰가
생기거나 없어지는 근거가 무엇인가를 보면, 신
뢰의 근거는 '마음'임을 알 수 있다.If we look at what makes trust arise or disappear in the contexts where the word is used, we can see that the basis of trust is “maum” (heart/mind).p2마음을 건너뛴 행동 연구는 신뢰에 대한 연구라기 보다는 행동 예측성…behavior research that skips the heart is closer to research on behavioral predictability than on trust…p3Koreans believe the strength of trust between two people depends on how much each cares for the other (maeum-sseo-jugi, 마음써주기).
신뢰 강도는 서로 상대에 대해 가지며 동시에
행사하는 마음써주기의 크기에 의존한다고 한국
인들은 믿는다Koreans believe that the strength of trust depends on the size of the caring that each holds toward, and at the same time exercises for, the other.p8Branding someone a traitor carries a double frustration: feeling harmed, and feeling abandoned by someone you trusted.
피해의식과 믿었던 사람
으로부터의 버림받음이* 이중적 좌절감을 함
축하는 말이다…a word implying the double frustration of feeling victimized and of being abandoned by someone one trusted.p7가장 부정적인 평가의 의미를 갖는 배신자라는 낙인을 찍게 되는…branding someone a traitor, the most negative of evaluations…p7The authors hold that in Korean society a person who betrays trust is judged lower in human dignity than a violent person or an adulterer.
한국 사회에서 신뢰를 저버리는 사람은 폭력
적인 사람이나 또는 불륜을 범하는 사람보다 인
간적 품격 면에서 더욱 낮은 사람으로 평가받게
된다.In Korean society, a person who betrays trust comes to be judged as lower in human dignity than a violent person or someone who commits adultery.p13IN DAILY LIFE
In the past, many people took pen names meaning “rock” or “stone,” wishing to be someone whose heart does not change.
자신의 아호를
바위나 돌로 짓는 사람이 과거에는 많았다In the past there were many people who named their pen names after rocks or stones.p8마음이 움직이지 않는 바위 같은 사람, 돌처럼 변하지 말라는 의미에서 돌 같은 사람을 원한다는 맥락에서…in the sense of wanting a person like an unmoving rock, or a person like stone in the sense of 'do not change, like a stone'…p8Saying “I will be loyal even at the cost of my life” to show loyalty to a superior — the authors see it as the same process as calling someone “Beloved Supreme Boss” without actually respecting them.
'목
숨을 다 바쳐 충성하겠습니다'라고 말하는 것도
똑같은 과정이다Saying “I will devote my whole life in loyalty” is the very same process.p12한국인들이 자신의 신의를 윗사람에게 나타내 보이려 할 때When Koreans try to show their loyalty to a superior…p12실제는 존경하지도 않으면서 '경애하는 최고 두목님'이라는 호칭을 쓰는 것을 뜻한다It refers to using the title 'Beloved Supreme Boss' without actually respecting the person.p12In depth
This paper, more closely — every sentence carries an original quote and page number.
Background
Because scholars disagree widely on what “trust” means, the authors propose going back to the word's “hometown” — how ordinary people use it in daily life — to recover its original sense.
그 개념이나 말이 태어 난 고향으로 다시 돌아가 그 개념의 원형을 다 시 확인해보는 일이다…to go back to the hometown where the concept or word was born and reconfirm its original form.p2무엇을 뜻하고 지칭하는 개념인가에 대한 개념 규정 및 그 현상의 범주적 구획과 관련하여 학자들간에 의견 불일치가 크디…scholars disagree greatly over the definition of what trust means and refers to, and over the categorical boundaries of the phenomenon…p2즉 일반인의 일상적 삶속에서 신뢰라는 말이 무엇을 뜻하며 또한 지칭하That is, [to analyze] what the word trust means and refers to in ordinary people's everyday lives…p2The study starts from the concern that, with trust research underdeveloped in Korea, discussions of trust have had to lean on Western models.
불가피하게 서구의 신뢰모형에 의존하지 않으면 안되는 것이 지금까지의 현실이었다…the reality so far has been that we had no choice but to rely on Western models of trust.p5신뢰에 대한 연구가 미개발 상태에 있었던 한국의 경우In the case of Korea, where research on trust has been undeveloped…p5Method
Not an empirical study collecting new data, but a theoretical paper that assembles selected theoretical, conceptual, observational, and illustrative material to build a cultural-psychological account of Korean trust.
이론적, 개념적, 관찰적, 예시적 자료들을 선별적으로 취합하여…selectively gathering theoretical, conceptual, observational, and illustrative materials…p13본 논문은 신뢰에 대한 실증적 연구 자료가 거의 없는 한국의 현 상황에서In the present situation of Korea, where there is almost no empirical research data on trust, this paper…p13한국인의 신뢰에 대해 문화심리학적 관점에서 구성해 보는데…to construct Koreans' trust from a cultural-psychological perspective…p13서구 심리학에서의 신뢰
서구 심리학에서 신뢰 개념화에 있어서Trust in Western psychology: In the conceptualization of trust in Western psychology…p3한국문화에서의 신뢰
신뢰에 해당되는 한국말의Trust in Korean culture: The Korean word corresponding to trust…p4신뢰관계에 있어서의 변심과 배신의 심리학
근래에 신뢰의 문제가The psychology of change of heart and betrayal in trust relationships: Recently the problem of trust…p5특수-친밀 인간관계와 신뢰관계에서
관여되는 마음의 성격The nature of the heart involved in special-intimate relationships and trust relationshipsp9한국사람들은 신뢰를 이길 때 어떤 특성의
심리적 부담감이나 마음의 가책을 느끼고What kind of psychological burden or pangs of conscience do Koreans feel when they break trust…p12Detailed findings
The Korean word for trust is used for especially close ties — family, very close friends, groups sharing one fate — meaning a bond and oneness of heart in which people can believe in and lean on each other comfortably.
서로 믿고 편하게 의지할 수 있는 마음 의 연대와 일체감을 뜻하는 것으로 사용된다…is used to mean a solidarity and oneness of heart in which people can trust and comfortably rely on each other.p4한국말의 신뢰는 가족,
아주 가까운 친구 관계, 함께 운명을 같이하는
집단과 같은 '특수한 밀착 관계'에 있는 사람들The Korean word for trust [is used] among people in 'special close relationships' such as family, very close friends, and groups that share a common fate…p4In the West trust is thought to form from proper, predictable behavior, with closeness built on top; Koreans believe a close relationship forms first and trust follows.
친밀 인간관계가 일단 형성된 연후에 관여된 사람들간에 신뢰관계가 이루어진다고 믿는다…believe that a trusting relationship arises among the people involved only after a close relationship has first been formed.p5예측가능성을 기반으로 해 신뢰가 형성된다고 믿는다 그리고 이러한 신뢰의 바탕위에서 친밀…believe trust forms on the basis of rightness and predictability of behavior, and on this foundation of trust, intimate [relationships develop].p4Proverbs like “the axe you trust chops your foot” resonate, the authors suggest, because assuming trust from the relationship without checking behavior raises the chance of failure.
행위에 대한 검증 없이 관계를 통해 신뢰를 가정하는 데서 실패 가능성이 커지며…the chance of failure grows from assuming trust through the relationship without verifying behavior…p5믿는 도끼에 발등 찍힌
다라는 말이 있다 이러한 속담이 한국인들에게
보편적으로 공감을 받는 데는…there is the saying 'the axe you trust chops your foot.' That such proverbs resonate widely with Koreans…p5Judging whether someone is trustworthy involves two aspects of the heart: how stable and unshakeable it is, and a “master-like heart” that governs one's own wavering mind.
자신의 뜻에 따라 일정한 방향으로 통제하고 이끌 어나가는 주인 같은 마음이다…it is a master-like heart that controls and leads [the elements of the heart] in a set direction according to one's own will.p8이 과정에서 두 가지의 마음 측면이
대두될 수 있다In this process, two aspects of the heart can come up.p8상대의 마음이 외부의 조건이나 유인
에 대해 얼마나 안정적인가…how stable the other's heart is against external conditions or inducements…p8유혹에 이끌려
들어가려는 마음을 스스로 억제하고 조절하는…restraining and regulating by oneself the heart that would be drawn in by temptation…p8It is hard to say whether we-ness/jeong relationships or trust come first; they are like the two sides of a palm, built on the same psychology.
우리성 •정관계와 신뢰 형성은 손바닥의 양 면과 같은 동질이형적 심리 구성체라고 볼 수 있다We-ness/jeong relationships and trust formation can be seen as psychological constructs of the same substance in different forms, like the two sides of a palm.p10에서 어떤 것이 선이며 후인가 또는 원인이며
결과인가를 구분하는 일은 쉽지 않다…it is not easy to tell which comes first and which follows, or which is cause and which is effect.p10Koreans with many friends still say they have very few “trustworthy” friends, because few friends truly understand and empathize with their inner heart and would help when needed.
자신의 속마음을 진정으로 이해하고 공감해 주며, 자신의 심정적 요구에 따른 원조행 동을 줄 수 있는 친구는 많지 않다는 생각에서…from the thought that there are not many friends who truly understand and empathize with one's inner heart and can give help in response to one's heartfelt needs.p11한국인들은 그렇게 많은 친구들을 가지고
있으면서도 '믿을만한 친구를 얼마나 가지고 있
느나를 질문할 때, 흔히 매우 적다고 대답한다Although Koreans have so many friends, when asked how many trustworthy friends they have, they often answer very few.p11Asking a close friend for a written contract easily implies that you distrust them or are not really close.
친한 사이에 계약서를 요구하 는 일은 그 자체로 상대방을 불신하거나Asking for a contract between close people in itself [tends to imply] distrust of the other…p11의 관계가 가깝지 않다는 것을 상대에게 함축하
기 쉽다…easily implies to the other that the relationship is not close.p11“Staged trust” — acting trustful toward a superior without actually trusting them — is common, but without the heart behind it the authors say it is hard to count as real trust.
신뢰하는 마음이 없는 상태에서 거짓으로 이루어지는 신뢰 연출 언행이라는 점에서…in that these are staged trust words and acts performed falsely without a trusting heart…p12실제로는 윗사람을 신뢰하지 않으
면서도 겉으로 신뢰하는 척하는 언행을 윗사람
앞에서 해 보이는 경우를 흔히 목격할 수 있다One often sees Koreans who, while not actually trusting a superior, outwardly act and speak as if they trust them in front of that superior.p12신뢰 연출 언행이라는 점에서 신뢰
의 범주에 속하는 행동이라고는 보기 어렵다…being staged trust words and acts, it is hard to see it as behavior within the category of trust.p12Authors’ interpretation
Noting that an insurance slogan — “insurance you can trust and lean on for life” — matches the effects of we-ness/jeong relationships, the authors conclude that the two rest on almost the same psychological foundation.
우리성 • 정관계와 신뢰 를 구성하는 기반 심리적 바탕은 거의 비슷하며The underlying psychological foundation of we-ness/jeong relationships and of trust is almost the same…p10“당신이 평생 믿고 의지할 xx 보험"이라는
광고문안을 담은 광고물이An advertisement carrying the copy 'XX Insurance, which you can trust and rely on for life'…p10이 광고문안의 내용은 한국인의 우
리성 • 정관계의 기능적 효과와 그대로 일치한다The content of this ad copy matches exactly the functional effects of Koreans' uri-jeong relationships.p10Breaking trust brings shame before others and self-reproach; in Korean culture, which stresses social face (chemyeon, 체면), shame before others weighs more heavily.
사회적 체면을 강조하는 한국의 문화 권에서는 창피성 체면이 더욱 큰 부담을 줄 뿐…in a culture that emphasizes social face, as Korea does, face-related shame before others places a greater burden…p13남이 이를 목격할 때 생기는 창피성(other-shuned)
수치와 스스로 양심의 가책을 느껴 생기는 자괴
성(self-shamed) 수치의 두 가지로 나타날 수 있다…can appear in two forms: other-shamed shame that arises when others witness it, and self-shamed shame that arises from one's own pangs of conscience.p13To study heart-related phenomena like trust, the authors argue, researchers must move beyond behavior-only approaches and first thoroughly understand how ordinary people understand and experience the heart.
기존의 행동과학적 패러다임을 탈피해야 한다고 믿는다We believe the existing behavioral-science paradigm should be cast off.p13일반
인들의 마음 관련 현상에 대한 이론, 해석, 경험
등을 먼저 철저하게 이해하는 일이 선행되어야
한다…must first thoroughly understand ordinary people's theories, interpretations, and experiences of heart-related phenomena.p13Limits the authors note
The authors acknowledge that relying on theoretical and observational material was partly forced by the lack of empirical data on trust in Korea.
단순히 경험적 자료가 부족하 기 때문에 어쩔 수 없이 강요받은 선택이라는 측면도 있지만…although there is the aspect of a forced choice simply because empirical data are lacking…p13이론적, 개념적, 관찰적, 예시적
자료들을 선별적으로 취합하여…selectively gathering theoretical, conceptual, observational, and illustrative materials…p13They admit there is no clean way to tell whether the Western–Korean differences in trust are real or constructed by researchers.
이러 한 혼돈을 명쾌하게 제거할 방법은 없다고 믿는 다…we believe there is no way to clearly remove this confusion.p5신뢰와 관련해 거론된 서구와 한국의 차이
가 실재하는 차이인지, 아니면 연구자들이 구성
한 서구의 신뢰와…whether the differences between the West and Korea raised regarding trust are real differences, or [differences between] the Western trust constructed by researchers and…p5Key terms
Simjeong (심정, 心情) The moved heart one feels in one's chest — a private inner heart not readily shown to others.
본인 인 당사자가 가슴으로 느끼는 움직인 마음을 뜻 하는 것으로, 사적으로 느낀 자신의 속마음이라…means the moved heart that the person feels in the chest, and can be seen as one's privately felt inner heart.p10밖으로 드러나지 않는 지신의
사적인 속마음인 심정을…simjeong, one's private inner heart that does not show outwardly…p10The “using heart” (sseuneun maeum, 쓰는 마음) A heart that restrains and governs one's own wavering mind — one its owner can direct and use at will; in daily speech, self-control, resolve, or making up one's mind.
그 마음의 소유자인 사람이 뜻에 따 라 부리고 쓸 수 있는 마음이란 점에서 '쓰는 마 음'…in the sense that it is a heart its owner can direct and use according to will, it is called the “using heart.”p8유혹에 이끌려
들어가려는 마음을 스스로 억제하고 조절하는…restraining and regulating by oneself the heart that would be drawn in by temptation…p8흔히 이런 마음은
자제력이나 결심, 마음먹기, 마음잡기 등과 같은
일상적인 말로 표현되기도 한다This heart is often expressed in everyday words such as self-control, resolve, making up one's mind, and steadying one's mind.p8Shame before others (changpi-seong suchi, 창피성 수치) The shame felt when others criticize or mock one's breach of trust (distinguished from self-reproaching shame, jagoe-seong suchi, 자괴성 수치).
자신의 신뢰 위반 행동 에 대해 남들이 흉을 보거나 조통할 때 생기는 수치 감정이며…is the feeling of shame that arises when others criticize or mock one's trust-violating behavior…p13스스로 양심의 가책을 느껴 생기는 자괴
성(self-shamed) 수치…self-shamed shame that arises from one's own pangs of consciencep13