The study conceptualized chemyeon (체면, face) along two dimensions — morality and competence — and used surveys to find the factors behind its structure, the needs it serves, and people's sensitivity to it.
The Internal Structure of the Korean Social Face (Chemyon)
체면의 심리적 구조
QUESTION
How can Korean chemyeon be conceptualized in social-psychological terms, and what are its structure, the needs behind it, and people's sensitivity to it?
FINDINGS
There are two kinds of shame: self-reproachful shame felt on one's own, and embarrassment felt in front of others — and the shame people usually feel in daily life is shame before others.
우리가 보통 느끼는 부끄러움은 2•
로 느끼는 '자기 부끄러움'보디는 남을 통해 또는 남
앞에서 느끼는 남부끄러움이여The shame we usually feel is not 'self-shame' felt on our own but shame felt through others or in front of others…p5자괴성 부끄러움보c十는 자신의 부끄러운 행위가 남에게 노출되었을 때 나타나는 상대의 반응-을 통해 부끄러움을 느끼는 반사쳑 창피성 부끄러움이다…rather than self-reproaching shame, it is reflected embarrassment-type shame, felt through the other's reaction when one's shameful act is exposed to others.p5Separating the shame of lacking morality (being a "bad person") from the shame of lacking ability (being a "loser"), the authors see chemyeon as having two dimensions: moral face and competence face.
능력의 결여에서 오는 부끄러
움은 '능력 부끄러움' 또는 '못난 놈 부끄러움'이다.Shame that comes from a lack of ability is 'competence shame,' or 'loser shame.'p5도덕성의 결여에서 오는 부끄러음을 ,도덕성 부끄러움' 또는 '못된 놈 부끄러움'이라 한다…if shame arising from a lack of morality is called 'moral shame' or 'bad-guy shame'…p5준거 원천에 따라 도덕성 체면과 능력 체면을 구분하…distinguished moral chemyeon and competence chemyeon according to their reference source…p6The authors interpret chemyeon as highly developed in Koreans because the social need for approval and recognition from others is stronger than the need for self-perfection.
자기 완성적 욕구보다는 남으로부터의 승인과 인
청의 사회적 성취욕구가 강한데서 체면의식이 발달되
였음을 뜻하는…meaning that chemyeon consciousness developed because the social achievement need for approval and recognition from others is stronger than the need for self-perfection.p9In the factor analysis of chemyeon needs, the first factor was the "need to defend one's pride," made up of items such as not being able to stand being looked down on or having one's pride hurt.
제 1요인은 '자존심 방어 욕구• 요인으로 명명하였
는데, 남이 나를 무시하는 것을 참을 수 없다거나The first factor was named the 'need to defend pride': items such as being unable to stand others ignoring me…p13남이 나를 무시하는 것을 참을 수 없다거나, 자존심이 상하는 것을 참을 수 없으며…such as being unable to bear others ignoring me, being unable to bear hurt pride…p13IN DAILY LIFE
Someone who failed an entrance exam — or that person's parents — avoids people out of shame, and people without an impressive job skip class reunions.
훌륭한 직장에 다니지 못하는 사람들이 친구 만나기
가 창피하다는 이유로 동창회에 나가지 않는 경우…cases where people who do not work at a fine workplace do not attend class reunions because they are embarrassed to meet friends.p5입학 시험에 떨어진 당사자나 당사자의 부모가 남부끄럽다는 이유로 다른 사람을 피…a person who failed an entrance exam, or that person's parents, avoiding others because they feel ashamed before them…p5Briefly showing your face at a wedding or funeral you'd rather not attend is an example of courtesy-driven, for-form's-sake chemyeon.
참석하고 싶지
않는 경조사에 얼굴만을 잠깐 내밀므로써…by briefly showing one's face at a wedding or funeral one does not want to attend…p11치레 체면에는 예의상 행하게 되는 '예의성 치레 체면'과For-form's-sake chemyeon includes 'courtesy-type' chemyeon done out of politeness, and…p11In depth
This paper, more closely — every sentence carries an original quote and page number.
Background
Many writings and papers on chemyeon focused on describing face as it appears in everyday life, so a deep conceptual account of what chemyeon is had not been developed — the authors name this as a problem.
체면 현상의 개념화가 심층적으로 이루어지지 않고 있다는 점이다…the point that the conceptualization of the chemyeon phenomenon has not been carried out in depth.p2체면에 관한 많은 글과 는문들이 일상적 언어 형태로 생활 속에서 나타나는 체면 현상을 서술하는 데 초점을 두고 있어…many writings and papers on chemyeon focus on describing, in everyday language, chemyeon phenomena that appear in daily life…p2The authors also criticize treating chemyeon as uniquely Korean — face is studied as an important phenomenon in China, Japan, other Confucian cultures, and even the West.
체면에 대한 다문화 배타적 시각은 타당하지 않은 것으로 나타나고 있다…a culturally exclusive view of chemyeon is turning out not to be valid.p1첫째는 체면이 한국인에게만 고유한 현상이라든가First, that chemyeon is described as a phenomenon unique to Koreans…p1그러나 근래에 중국(Cheng, 1986; Gao, 19%; Gao,But recently in China (Cheng, 1986; Gao, …; Gao, …p1일*(Gudykunst & Nish1da, 1丱4; Lebra, 1976) 을 비롯한 유교문화권의 사람들에게는 물론 서양에서도 게면은 중요한 사회심리적 현상으로 부각되고…Japan (Gudykunst & Nishida; Lebra, 1976) and other Confucian cultures, as well as in the West, face has emerged as an important social-psychological phenomenon…p1Method
The first part analyzes dictionary definitions and earlier writing to conceptualize chemyeon theoretically; the second part pools and re-analyzes survey data collected over several years, using factor analysis to examine chemyeon's structure, needs, and sensitivity.
1998년, 1999년에 걸쳐 실시되었던 것으로 구조화
된 질문지를 통해 얻은 자료를 (재)분석한 것이다…conducted in 1998 and 1999, (re)analyzing data obtained through structured questionnaires.p11지금까지의 체면 연구에 대한 분석적 고찰과 재구성을 통해 체면에 대한 사회 심리학적 개념화를 시도…attempt a social-psychological conceptualization of chemyeon through an analytic review and reconstruction of chemyeon research so far…p2체면과 부끄러움의 사전적 정의에 대한 앞의 분석The above analysis of the dictionary definitions of chemyeon and shame…p4본 연구는 지난 7~8년 동안 이루어졌던 체면에 관한 연구들 중This study draws on chemyeon studies conducted over the past 7–8 years…p11대상은 모 기업체에 근무하는 직장인 %명…the participants were [garbled number] employees of a company…p11체면 욕구 척도를 대학생 620명을 대상으로 실시하였다The chemyeon-needs scale was administered to 620 university students.p12체면 민감성 척도를 대학생 2%명을 대상으로 실시 하였다The chemyeon-sensitivity scale was administered to [garbled number] university students.p12체면은 언제, 어떤 상황에서 떨어진다고 생각하는지에 대해 대학생들과 성인들에게 개방형 질문지…open-ended questionnaires asked university students and adults when, and in what situations, they think face is lost…p12우선 의미가 같은 반응들을 같은 법주로 묶었고First, responses with the same meaning were grouped into the same category…p12구조화된 질문지는 Likert 5접 척도를 사용하였다The structured questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale.p12머지는 민감성을 측정하는 문항들로 요인 분석하였다…the rest were factor-analyzed as items measuring sensitivity.p14Detailed findings
The situations in which people said face is lost fell into three groups: failing to show the character, the ability, or the authority expected of one's status.
체면이 떨어지는 상황 법주는 크게 지위 • 신분- 인
격, 지위 • 신분 -능력, 지위 • 신분-권위의 문제로 연
결되는데The categories of face-losing situations broadly connect to problems of status–character, status–ability, and status–authority…p12Adults felt that behaving against public morality or etiquette lowers one's character.
성인 집단의 경우, 공중도덕이나 예의범
절에 어긋나는 행동을 했을 때에 인격이 떨어진다고
생각하고 있다In the adult group, people think their character falls when they act against public morality or etiquette.p12In the adult data, chemyeon's structure showed four factors — leadership qualities, social status, social refinement, and character/dignity — which the authors read as the expectation that high-status people should have character, dignity, refinement, and ability.
가 높은 사람은 인격, 품위와 교양을 갖추고 있어야
하며, 지도자로서의 자질인 능력 또한 가지고 있어야
한다는 사실을 경험적으로 입증해 준다고 할 수 있다…can be said to empirically confirm that people of high status must have character, dignity, and refinement, and must also have ability as a leader's quality.p13그래서 본 연구자들은 표 3에서 보는 것처럼 성인 자료를 분석하여 체면의 내적 구조를 과약하였다So, as Table 3 shows, we analyzed the adult data to grasp the internal structure of chemyeon.p13항들로 구성되어 지도자 _ 자질 요인이라 명명하였다…made up of items…, named the leader-quality factor.p13두 번째 요인은 사회지 신분에 관련된 것으로The second factor relates to social status…p13능력, 눈치와 교양에 관한 문항으로 사회지 교양 요인으로 명명해 보았다…items on ability, social tact, and refinement, which we named the social-refinement factor.p13인격 • 품위를 묻는 문항들로 구성되었다…consisted of items asking about character and dignity.p13Among chemyeon needs, the "need to belong to the group" meant others' behavior becoming the standard for one's own, and others becoming the yardstick for comparison.
타인의 행동이 자신의 행동
기준이 되고 타인이 비교 대상이 된다는 등의 문항들…items such as others' behavior becoming the standard for one's own behavior and others becoming the object of comparison.p14네 번째 요인은 '집단귀속 욕구로 명명하였는 바The fourth factor was named the 'need for group belonging'…p14The last factor of chemyeon needs was the "need to feel superior": believing oneself better than others and wanting a higher position.
'우월감 추구 욕구' 요인은 체면 욕구의 마지막 요인
이다The 'need to pursue superiority' factor is the last factor of chemyeon needs.p14남들보다 우월하다고 믿괴 남들보다 높은 지위에 있고 싶어하괴…believing oneself superior to others, wanting to be in a higher position than others…p14The authors interpret these needs as leaning toward outward, for-show aspects of social life rather than a motive to actually achieve morality and ability.
사회 생활 속에서 겉으로 드러나는 외향적이고 치레
적인 면에 치중한 것이라 할 수 있다…can be said to focus on the outward, for-show aspects that appear on the surface in social life.p14도덕적으로나 인격적 로, 그리고 능력면에서 갖추어야 할 것을 갖추고 체면을 지키거나 세우려는 동기가 있는 것이 아니라…it is not a motive to keep or raise face by actually having what one should have morally, in character, and in ability…p14The first factor of chemyeon sensitivity, "embarrassment-conscious chemyeon," consisted of worrying about others' evaluations, reading the room (nunchi, 눈치), how one will look to others, and others' gaze.
남의 눈치를 보-과 남에게 어
떻게 비취질까를 걱정하고 타인의 시선을 의식하는…reading others' nunchi, worrying about how one will appear to others, and being conscious of others' gaze…p15첫 번째 요인은 남의 평가를 의식하고” 나에 대한 남의 생각에 민감하며The first factor: being conscious of others' evaluations, sensitive to what others think of me…p15Sensitivity to status showed a correlation of .56 with the need to cling to status.
지위 부착 욕구와 .56의 상관을 보이고 있으며…shows a correlation of .56 with the need to attach to status…p14첫 번째 민감성 요인인 신분지위에 대한 민감성은 신분The first sensitivity factor, sensitivity to status and position, …p14Authors’ interpretation
In Korean society today, the urge to display status and position stands out more than chemyeon's original meaning — rooted, the authors argue, in the belief that status equals superiority in character and ability.
재 우리 사회에는 체면의 본질적 의미보다는 겉으로
드러난 신분과 지위를 과시하거나 현시하려는 경향이
두드러진다고 볼 수 있다…in our society today, the tendency to show off or display outward status and position, rather than the essential meaning of chemyeon, can be seen as prominent.p16신분과 지위를 얻는 것이 인격이나 능력에서의 우위를 얻는 것이라는 생각과…the belief that gaining status and position means gaining superiority in character or ability…p16Whereas Western "face" is largely built together through interaction and negotiation, Koreans' social chemyeon tends to rest on the authority and ability automatically attached to symbols like position, status, and academic pedigree.
신분, 학벌 등과 같은 지위 • 신문상집에 자동적으로
부착된 권위와 능력에 근거하는 경향이 크다…tends largely to be based on the authority and ability automatically attached to status symbols such as position, rank, and academic background.p9대인상호작용에서 거래(negotiation) 과정에서의 face-work을 통해 만들괴 고치외 조성하는 공구성…co-constructed — made, repaired, and shaped through face-work in the negotiation process of interpersonal interaction…p9Chemyeon has two sides: as a system of self-reflection and self-control it supports character development, but fixation on status display or show can hinder it.
라서 세면은 긍정적 및 부정저 기능의 양면성을 갖는
다Therefore chemyeon has a two-sidedness of positive and negative functions.p10체면의 발달은 곧 인격의 발달과 사회성의 발달에 직결된다…the development of chemyeon is directly linked to the development of character and sociability.p10체면은 일종의 자기반성게계이며 자기제어게제로 작동하기 때문이다…because chemyeon works as a kind of self-reflection system and self-control mechanism.p10체면이 지위나 신분의 획득과 현시에 집착되거나 인격과 능력의 과장이나 과도하게 치레성 중심적일 때…when chemyeon becomes fixated on gaining and displaying status or position, or on exaggerating character and ability, or excessively centered on mere form…p10Limits the authors note
In the factor analysis of student data, factors 4 through 6 were hard to interpret, so their interpretation was set aside.
요인4, 5, 6에 대해서는 해석의 난해성
을 고려하여 일단 유보하였다Factors 4, 5, and 6 were held off for now, considering the difficulty of interpretation.p13Chemyeon's relation to authority, and experimental studies of specific face behaviors and needs, were left for future research.
앞으로의 연구에서는 체면과 권위의 문제
라든지, 체면의 구체적 행태와 욕구에 대한 실협언구
등이 이루어져야 할 것이다In future research, the issue of chemyeon and authority, and experimental studies on the specific behaviors and needs of chemyeon, should be carried out.p16Key terms
Chemyeon (체면, 體面) A compound of "body" (體) and "face" (面): the proper conduct or face that lets one deal with others without shame.
은 '남을 대하기에 떳떳한 도리나 얼굴로 정의된다…is defined as 'the proper way or face that lets one deal with others honorably.'p2체면은 몸을 뜻하는 체(匍와 얼굴을 뜻하는 면(面)의 합성어이다Chemyeon is a compound of che, meaning body, and myeon (面), meaning face.p2Jagoeseong (자괴성) shame Shame that arises when you see that your own actions went against propriety and a sense of shame (ye-ui-yeom-chi), and you feel you cannot hold your head up or feel pangs of conscience.
예의염치에 어긋나는 자신의 행위에 대해 떳떳하
지 못함이나 양심의 가책을 느껴 발생하는…arising from feeling dishonorable or pangs of conscience about one's own actions that go against propriety and a sense of shame…p4Chire (치레) chemyeon Face behavior done for form's sake: unlike one's true feelings, but keeping the minimum courtesy and ritual where not doing so would damage one's own or the other's face.
심과는 괴리되나 최소한의 예의성과 의례성을 갖춘
체면형식행위를 취하는 행태의 체면을 말한다…refers to chemyeon that takes a face-form action which departs from one's true heart but has the minimum of courtesy and ritual.p11자신이 도리적으로 체면을 차리지 않거나 상대의 체면을 세워주지 않으면 자신이나(또는 자신과) 상대의 체면이 훼손될 수 있다고 판단되는 상황에서…in situations where one judges that, unless one properly keeps face or saves the other's face, one's own (or one's and) the other's face could be damaged…p11