A new scale for how much today's Korean college students worry about chemyeon (체면, social face) found five factors: shame sensitivity, evaluation anxiety, ability exposure, emotion exposure, and self-defense.
The Development and Validation of Interpersonal Relationship Chemyon(Social-Face) Sensitivity Scale for College Students
대학생 대인관계 체면민감성 척도 개발 및 타당화
QUESTION
Can a valid, reliable scale be built to measure Korean college students' sensitivity to chemyeon (social face) in their relationships, and what is its factor structure?
FINDINGS
College students' face sensitivity was organized into five factors and 20 items: shame sensitivity, evaluation anxiety, ability exposure, emotion exposure, and self-defense.
최종 20문항은 자괴 민감 5문항, 평가불안 5문항, 능력 노출 4문항, 감정 노출 3문항, 자기방어 3문항으로 확정하였다The final 20 items were confirmed as 5 items on shame sensitivity, 5 on evaluation anxiety, 4 on ability exposure, 3 on emotion exposure, and 3 on self-defense.p1The new scale correlated highly (.74) with the existing face-sensitivity scale, confirming concurrent validity between the two.
본 척도는 기존의 체면민감성 척도와 .74(p<.01)의 높은 상관을 보여This scale showed a high correlation of .74 (p<.01) with the existing chemyeon sensitivity scale…p12두 척도 간에 공존 타당도가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다…confirming concurrent validity between the two scales.p12Of the five factors, the one with the most explanatory power was shame sensitivity — the fear that others will look down on you if you lose face.
가장 높은 설명력을 가지는 하위요인은 자괴 민감으로 나타났다The sub-factor with the highest explanatory power turned out to be shame sensitivity.p18자신의 체면이 손상될 때 타인이 자신을 낮게 보는 것을 두려워하는 것에 대한 문항이 나타났다…items appeared about fearing that others will look down on oneself when one's face is damaged.p16“Self-defense” — hiding yourself and avoiding situations when face is at stake — was absent from the earlier scale and newly emerged in this study.
기존 체면민감성 척도에서는 없었던 요인으로 본 연구에서 새롭게 나타난 요인이라는 점에 의의가 있을 것이다It is meaningful that this is a factor not found in the existing chemyeon sensitivity scale, newly emerging in this study.p17체면을 회복하기 위해 자신을 숨기거나 수행에 대해서 공개하지 않으면서 상황을 회피하려는 문항들로 구성되어있다…it consists of items about hiding oneself to recover face, not disclosing one's performance, and avoiding the situation.p17IN DAILY LIFE
In Korea, chemyeon often shows up as spending beyond one's means, the stress of forcing oneself to do unnecessary things, and being overly conscious of others' eyes.
자신의 경제적 능력을 넘어서는 소비, 자신에게 필요하지 않은 일을 억지로 하면서 받는 스트레스…spending beyond one's economic means, the stress of forcing oneself to do things one does not need to do…p2지나치게 타인의 시선을 의식하는 것 등에서 쉽게 관찰되고…is easily observed in things like being overly conscious of others' eyes…p2People in their 20s often refuse bluntly or blame the other person, while those in their 30s and 40s protect face with indirect refusals — giving reasons, apologizing, or avoiding.
3, 40대는 체면을 지키기 위해 ‘이유 대기’, ‘사과하기’, ‘회피하기’가 주를 이루는 ‘간접거절전략’을 사용하는…people in their 30s and 40s use “indirect refusal strategies,” mainly “giving reasons,” “apologizing,” and “avoiding,” to protect face…p520대는 상대방에게 극단적인 한 마디 거절을 하는 ‘직접 거절’이나 상대방을 탓하는 ‘비난하기 거절’ 등 체면이 손상되기 쉬운 전략을 많이 사용하지만People in their 20s often use face-damaging strategies such as a blunt one-word “direct refusal” or a “blaming refusal” that faults the other person, whereas…p5In depth
This paper, more closely — every sentence carries an original quote and page number.
Background
The most widely used face-sensitivity scale had an unstable structure — studies kept regrouping its sub-factors.
첫째, 기존 체면민감성 척도는 하위요인이 불안정하다First, the sub-factors of the existing chemyeon sensitivity scale are unstable.p3체면민감성을 정량적으로 측정하기 위해 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 척도는 최상진과 김기범 (2000)의 체면민감성 척도이다The scale most widely used to measure face sensitivity quantitatively is the face-sensitivity scale of Choi Sang-jin and Kim Ki-beom (2000).p3기존의 체면민감성 척도를 원래 문항대로 사용하지 않고 문항을 수정하거나 요인분석을 다시 해서 사용하고 있다…studies do not use the existing face-sensitivity scale with its original items, but modify the items or redo the factor analysis.p3The earlier scale was built about 20 years ago, in the 1990s; since then, social media and other changes have reshaped how students relate, so a new scale was needed.
체면민감성 척도의 개발은 약 20년 전인 1990년대 이루어졌다The chemyeon sensitivity scale was developed about 20 years ago, in the 1990s.p5네 번째로 대학생들의 대인관계의 문화가 세대를 거쳐 달라졌다는 점이다Fourth, college students' interpersonal culture has changed across generations.p5현대 사회의 대인관계는 기존 방식과 더불어 온라인 대인관계인 SNS를 통해서 이루어지고 있다…relationships in modern society take place not only in traditional ways but also online through SNS.p5새로운 척도의 개발이 필요함을 확인해 볼 수 있다…shows the need to develop a new scale.p5Method
Scale-development study: items gathered via open-ended survey and refined by experts; exploratory factor analysis in one sample, then confirmatory factor analysis, several validity checks, and a 4-week retest in another.
국내 4년제 대학생 343명을 대상으로 확인적 요인분석과 타당화 검증을 진행하였다Confirmatory factor analysis and validation were conducted with 343 students at four-year universities in Korea.p1이를 바탕으로 63개의 예비 문항을 제작하였다. 대학생 263명을 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석을 한 결과…on this basis, 63 preliminary items were written. Exploratory factor analysis with 263 college students…p1경남에 있는 대학에 재학 중인 대학생 53명에게 개방형 설문 조사를 실시한 후…after conducting an open-ended survey of 53 students at a university in Gyeongnam…p6상담심리사 1급 소지자 1명, 2급 소지자 3명, 총 7명이 함께 내용 타당도를 검증하였다…one level-1 and three level-2 counseling psychologists among them — a total of 7 people jointly checked content validity.p74주 간격을 두고 재검사한 결과 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 확인할 수 있었다Retesting after a 4-week interval confirmed test–retest reliability.p1‘대학 생활에서 어떤 상황에서 나의 체면이 깎일 것 같나요?’“In what situations in college life do I think I might lose face?”p6‘대학 생활에서 체면을 지키기 위해 어떤 방법으로 관리하나요?’의 5가지로 구성하였다…the five questions, ending with “How do you manage to protect your face in college life?”p61점의 ‘전혀 그렇지 않다’부터 5점의 ‘매우 그렇다’까지의 5점 척도로 이루어졌다…on a 5-point scale from 1 “not at all” to 5 “very much.”p7기존의 체면민감성 척도(r=.74, p<.01), 사회비교 경향성 (r=.56, p<.01), 부정적 평가에 대한 두려움(r=.61, p<.01)…the existing face-sensitivity scale (r=.74, p<.01), social comparison orientation (r=.56, p<.01), fear of negative evaluation (r=.61, p<.01)…p12삶의 만족도(r=-.17, p<.01)와 자아존중감(r=-.15, p<.01)은 낮은 부적 상관을…life satisfaction (r=-.17, p<.01) and self-esteem (r=-.15, p<.01) showed low negative correlations…p12Detailed findings
Shame sensitivity: today's students fear being seen as lower — that others will ignore them or curse them inwardly — when they lose face.
현대 대학생 들이 부끄러움에서도 체면이 손상당하면서 타인 에게 낮게 인식될 때 느껴지는 두려움을 확인했 다…confirmed the fear that today's college students feel, beyond shame, when their face is damaged and they are perceived as lower by others.p16‘만약 체면이 깎이면, 다른 사람들은 나를 무시할 것이다’, ‘만약 체면이 깎이면, 다른 사람들이 속으로 나를 욕할 것 같다.’“If I lose face, others will ignore me,” “If I lose face, others will probably curse me inwardly.”p16Evaluation anxiety: anxiety about others' judgment was strong in concrete moments like getting feedback after a presentation or having gaps in major knowledge exposed.
발표 이후의 피드백을 받거나 전공지식의 부족함이 드러나는 등의 구체적인 상황에서 타인의 평가로 인해 불안을 느낌이 강하다…anxiety due to others' evaluation is strong in concrete situations such as receiving feedback after a presentation or having a lack of major knowledge revealed.p16Ability exposure: from leading a meeting or group project to simply feeling eyes on you in a lecture hall, students felt face-conscious whenever they sensed their ability being judged.
능력이 평가받는 상황 이라는 것을 인식하는 모든 순간에 체면민감성을 느낀다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다…confirmed that they feel chemyeon sensitivity at every moment they recognize as a situation where their ability is being evaluated.p16‘모임의 진행자’, ‘조별과제의 중요한 역할’처럼 특정 집단의 리더와 같은 역할에서부터 ‘다른 사람들 앞에서 의견을 말하는 것’, ‘강의실에서 타인의 시선을 의식’처럼…from leader-like roles such as “running a meeting” or “an important role in a group project” to “speaking my opinion in front of others” and “being conscious of others' eyes in the lecture room”…p16Emotion exposure: students worried about showing irritation or mood swings — negative signs of not managing themselves.
감정 노출에서 나타난 감정은 주로 부정적이며 자신을 관리하지 못할 때 나타나는 모습을 의미한다The emotions in emotion exposure are mainly negative, meaning how one appears when unable to manage oneself.p16짜증을 내는 모습을 남에게 보이거나 자신의 감정 기복을 조절하지 못하는 모습을 남에게 보이는 것을 신경 쓰는 것에 대한 문항들로 구성되어 있다…consists of items about worrying about showing others one's irritation or one's inability to control mood swings.p16Self-defense: hiding oneself to restore face, not disclosing performance that could cost face, and avoiding such situations.
체면을 회복하기 위해 자신 을 숨기거나 수행에 대해서 공개하지 않으면서 상황을 회피하려는 문항들로 구성되어있다…composed of items about hiding oneself or not disclosing one's performance to restore face, and avoiding the situation.p17Higher face sensitivity went with slightly lower life satisfaction and self-esteem (weak negative correlations), showing it is a distinct concept.
삶의 만족도(r=-.17, p<.01)와 자아존중감(r=-.15, p<.01)은 낮은 부적 상관을Life satisfaction (r=-.17, p<.01) and self-esteem (r=-.15, p<.01) showed low negative correlations.p12개념의 유사성이 낮은 삶의 만족도(r=-.17, p<.01)와 자아존중감(r=-.15, p<.01)은 낮은 부적 상관을 보여 변별 타당도가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다Life satisfaction (r=-.17, p<.01) and self-esteem (r=-.15, p<.01), which are conceptually dissimilar, showed low negative correlations, confirming discriminant validity.p12In explaining the tendency to compare oneself with others, the new scale added about 5.4% explanatory power beyond the old one.
약 5.4% 증가한 설명량을 보였다…showing an increase of about 5.4% in explained variance.p131단계에서 기존 체면민감성 척도는 사회비교 경향성을 약 29%를 설명하였고, 2단계 분석에서 대학생 대인관계 체면민감성이 사회비교 경향성을 약 34.4% 설명하고 있어서In step 1 the existing face-sensitivity scale explained about 29% of social comparison orientation, and in step 2 the new scale brought the explained share to about 34.4%…p13On retest 4 weeks later all factors were significantly consistent, but self-defense was less consistent than the rest.
모든 요인이 유의 한 정적 상관을 보였고 5번째 요인인 자기방어를 제외한 다른 요인들은 높은 상관을 보여All factors showed significant positive correlations, and all except the fifth factor, self-defense, showed high correlations…p151차 실시한 검사와 4주 후에 재검사했을 때 각 하위요인의 상관계수는When the first test and the retest 4 weeks later were compared, the correlation for each subfactor was…p15Authors’ interpretation
Unlike in the past, losing face may now be experienced by college students as a situation of shame.
과거와는 다르게 체면이 손상당하는 것은 현재 대학생들에게는 수치심이 느껴지는 상황으로 인식될 수도 있음을 시사한다This suggests that, unlike in the past, having one's face damaged may be perceived by today's college students as a shame-inducing situation.p17Hiding oneself to protect face (self-concealment) can lead to psychological maladjustment.
자신을 숨기려하는 자기은폐는 심리적 부적응으로 이어질 수 있기 때문에…because self-concealment, trying to hide oneself, can lead to psychological maladjustment…p17자신을 드러내지 않는 방식을 통해 체면을 유지하려는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다…there appeared a tendency to maintain face by not revealing oneself.p17Where the old scale centered on etiquette and formality, the new one captures concrete moments of losing face in college life.
대학 생활에서 체면이 손상 되는 구체적인 상황이 제시되었다…concrete situations in college life where face is damaged were presented.p17체면을 유지하기 위한 사회적 예절, 격식을 비롯하여 체면이 손상당할까 봐 자신의 이미지를 견고히 하고…social etiquette and formality for maintaining face, and shoring up one's image for fear of losing face…p17Limits the authors note
All data came from self-report questionnaires, so responses may be biased.
자기보고식 설문지를 사용하였기에 응답에서의 편향이 발생했을 가능성이 있다Because self-report questionnaires were used, bias in the responses may have occurred.p18본 연구에서 사용한 모든 설문지는 자기보고식 설문지를 사용All questionnaires used in this study were self-report…p18To keep common items, minority answers — men's answers about military service, women's about makeup — were dropped, and gender or other demographic differences were not examined.
남학생들의 군대에 대한 응답, 여학생들의 화장에 대한 응답 등을 삭제하였다…responses such as male students' answers about the military and female students' answers about makeup were deleted.p19대표성을 지닌 공통적인 문항들을 수집하고자 하였기 때문에 개방형 설문에서 일부 소수 반응으로 나타난Because the study sought to collect representative common items, … appearing as minority responses in the open-ended survey…p19대학생들의 인구통계학적 변인에 따른 차이에 관해 확인하지 못하였다…did not examine differences by the students' demographic variables.p19Key terms
Chemyeon (체면, social face) The proper way, or the “face,” with which one can deal with others without shame.
‘남을 대하기에 떳떳한 도리나 얼굴’로 정의한다…defined as “the proper principle or face with which one can face others honorably.”p2Chemyeon sensitivity (체면민감성) As defined here: valuing face so much that one is highly conscious of others' eyes, anxious about being watched and judged, afraid of revealing one's emotions and abilities, and inclined to present oneself safely.
타인의 시선을 의식하는 정도가 높고, 자신의 행 동이 타인에 의해서 관찰되고 평가받을 것을 불 안해하고…a high degree of consciousness of others' gaze, anxiety that one's behavior will be observed and evaluated by others…p6본 연구에서 체면민감성이란 타인과의 관계에서 체면을 중요하게 생각하여In this study, face sensitivity means regarding face as important in relationships with others…p6자신의 감정과 능력이 노출되는 것을 두려워하며 자신을 안전한 방법으로 표현하고자 하는 경향성으로 정의하였다…defined as the tendency to fear exposure of one's feelings and abilities and to present oneself in a safe way.p6Shame sensitivity (자괴 민감) Catastrophic thinking that arises when one fails to keep one's face.
자신의 체면을 지키지 못할 때 나타나는 파국적 사고에 관한 자괴 민감…shame sensitivity, concerning catastrophic thinking that arises when one cannot keep one's face…p6