How do North Korean defectors see marriage migrant women, children of multicultural families, and foreign workers? Satisfaction with one's own life fostered positive views, while seeing them as competitors for resources and feeling discriminated against fostered negative ones.
The Factors Influencing the North Korean Defectors' Attitude to Multicultural Groups in South Korea
북한이탈주민이 국내 다문화집단에 대하여 지니는 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인
QUESTION
What attitudes do North Korean defectors hold toward multicultural groups in South Korea, and what factors shape those attitudes?
FINDINGS
North Korean defectors viewed marriage migrant women and children of multicultural families more positively than foreign workers.
결혼이주여성과다문화가정자녀에대한태도가외국인노동자에대한태도보다긍정적인것으로나타났다Attitudes toward marriage migrant women and children of multicultural families were found to be more positive than attitudes toward foreign workers.p1The main factors behind positive views of multicultural groups were satisfaction with one's own life and Korean ethnic identity (hanminjok jeongcheseong, 한민족 정체성).
다문화집단에대한긍정적태도에영향을미치는주요요인으로는삶의만족도와한민족정체성이산출된반면…life satisfaction and Korean ethnic identity emerged as the main factors influencing positive attitudes toward multicultural groups, whereas…p1Negative views, in contrast, were driven by the sense of competing with multicultural groups for resources (realistic conflict) and by feeling discriminated against in South Korean society.
부정적태도에영향을미치는요인으로는현실갈등인식과차별감이…as factors influencing negative attitudes, realistic conflict perception and perceived discrimination…p1The author suggests that while an exclusionary Korean ethnic identity may go along with excluding outgroups, pride in being part of the Korean nation may actually go along with positive attitudes toward other groups.
한민족이라는자부심은오히려긍정적태도와관련될수있음을…suggests that pride in being of the Korean nation may, on the contrary, be related to positive attitudes.p23배타적인한민족정체성은외집단에대한배타성과관련이될수있으나…an exclusionary Korean ethnic identity may be related to exclusiveness toward outgroups, but…p23IN DAILY LIFE
When the support foundation for North Korean defectors was renamed the Korea Hana Foundation (Nambuk Hana Jaedan, 남북하나재단), some defectors misread it as a move to cut their support, and the foundation issued an official statement saying this was untrue.
‘명칭을바꾸고북한이탈주민에대한지원을축소하려한다’는오해를하여…misunderstood it as 'changing the name in order to reduce support for North Korean defectors'…p2남북하나재단에서‘사실과다르다’는공식입장을표명한바있는데…the Korea Hana Foundation issued an official statement that this was 'not true'…p2At organizations that support multicultural groups, voices of discontent have arisen about the special status given to North Korean defectors.
다문화집단을지원하는현장에서북한이탈주민에대한특별한지위에대한불만의목소리가등장하고있고…at sites that support multicultural groups, voices of discontent about the special status of North Korean defectors are emerging…p3In depth
This paper, more closely — every sentence carries an original quote and page number.
Background
Because of the sense that they belong to the same nation-state and the reality of division, North Korean defectors receive far more support than other multicultural groups — and such preferential treatment can make other minorities feel relatively deprived. The author set out to anticipate what might arise between people from North Korea and multicultural groups.
북한이탈주민에대한우대는다른소수집단들에게상대적박탈감을유발할수있고Preferential treatment of North Korean defectors may cause a sense of relative deprivation among other minority groups, and…p2국내의다른다문화집단과비교했을때월등히많은지원을받는등특수한위치를누리고있다…enjoy a special position, such as receiving far more support compared with other multicultural groups in Korea.p2북한이탈주민에게그러한지원을하는근거는북한이탈주민은같은민족국가의구성원이라는의식과분단이라는현실적상황때문인데The basis for such support to North Korean defectors is the sense that they are members of the same nation-state and the reality of division, and…p2북한출신자들과다문화집단간에발생할수있는현상들을미리가늠해봄으로써…by anticipating in advance the phenomena that may arise between people from North Korea and multicultural groups…p3Most Korean research so far had dealt with how majority groups perceive minorities, so minorities were the ones being perceived rather than the ones doing the perceiving.
소수집단이인식의주체가아니라대상이되는연구가대부분이다Most studies are ones in which minority groups are the object, not the subject, of perception.p3주로다수집단이소수집단을대상으로어떻게인식하는지…mainly how majority groups perceive minority groups…p3Method
One-on-one interview surveys were conducted, and multiple regression analyses were used to find what shapes attitudes.
서울, 경기, 인천지역에거주하는북한이탈주민으로만19세부터69세까지의273명이었다…were 273 North Korean defectors aged 19 to 69 living in the Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon areas.p9조사기간은2015년3월～4월까지두달간진행되었고, 일대일면접조사를실시하였다The survey ran for two months, March to April 2015, using one-on-one interview surveys.p9조사대상자중남자는122명(44.7%), 여자는151명(55.3%)Of the respondents, 122 (44.7%) were men and 151 (55.3%) were women.p9현실갈등인식, 한민족정체성, 차별감, 삶의만족도를독립변인으로투입하고, 각집단에대한인지, 정서, 행동측면의태도를종속변인으로하여중다회귀분석을실시하였다Realistic conflict perception, Korean ethnic identity, perceived discrimination, and life satisfaction were entered as independent variables, and cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes toward each group as dependent variables, in multiple regression analyses.p18행동은각대상과얼마나가까운관계를형성할수있는지에대한사회적거리를측정하였는데For behavior, social distance — how close a relationship one could form with each group — was measured, and…p11다문화집단과의접촉수준은결혼이주여성, 다문화가정자녀, 외국인노동자들을대상으로접촉수준을조사하였는데The level of contact with multicultural groups was surveyed for marriage migrant women, children of multicultural families, and foreign workers, and…p11Detailed findings
Of the three groups, attitudes toward children of multicultural families were the most positive, followed by marriage migrant women; attitudes toward foreign workers were the most negative.
전반적으로다문화가정자녀에대한태도가가장긍정적이고, 다음이결혼이주여성이며, 외국인노동자에대한태도가가장부정적인경향성이있음을나타내었다Overall, there was a tendency for attitudes toward children of multicultural families to be the most positive, followed by marriage migrant women, with attitudes toward foreign workers the most negative.p14There were no significant gender differences in other areas, but toward marriage migrant women and foreign workers, women held more negative feelings than men.
여성들이남성보다더높은부정적정서를지니는것으로나타났다Women were found to hold higher negative emotion than men.p12성별에따른차이는결혼이주여성과외국인노동자에대한부정적정서에서만차이가나타났는데Gender differences appeared only in negative emotion toward marriage migrant women and foreign workers, and…p12그외나머지영역에서는통계적으로유의미한성별차이가나타나지않았다In the remaining areas, no statistically significant gender differences appeared.p12Older participants tended to view children of multicultural families more positively.
전반적으로연령이높은경우다문화가정자녀에대한태도가긍정적인경향성을보여주었다Overall, older participants showed a tendency toward more positive attitudes toward children of multicultural families.p21Those who saw their household as worse off perceived more resource competition and discrimination and were less satisfied with life — yet household finances themselves were not directly linked to attitudes toward multicultural groups.
주관적인가정경제수준을낮게지각할수록현실갈등, 차별감은높게지각하고, 삶의만족도는낮아지는것으로나타났다The lower they perceived their subjective household economic level, the higher they perceived realistic conflict and discrimination, and the lower their life satisfaction.p14주관적경제수준은소수집단에대한태도와유의미한상관이나타나지않아회귀분석에서제외하였다…subjective economic level showed no significant correlation with attitudes toward minority groups and was excluded from the regression analysis.p18Defectors had little contact with multicultural groups at all; for example, 42.5% said they had never directly seen a marriage migrant woman.
‘직접본적이없다’고응답한비율이42.5%였고…the proportion who answered 'I have never seen one directly' was 42.5%…p15전반적으로북한이탈주민은다문화집단을접촉한경험이많지않은것으로나타났는데Overall, North Korean defectors were found to have little experience of contact with multicultural groups, and…p15Contact helped only some positive attitudes toward marriage migrant women and children of multicultural families, and had no effect in any area for foreign workers.
외국인노동자의경우는모든영역에서접촉의효과가나타나지않았다For foreign workers, no contact effect appeared in any area.p21접촉의효과가결혼이주여성에대한긍정적정서, 다문화가정자녀에대한긍정적인지및긍정적정서의세가지영역에서만나타나고…contact effects appeared only in three areas — positive emotion toward marriage migrant women, and positive cognition and positive emotion toward children of multicultural families — and…p21The more discrimination defectors felt in the South, the more pity they also felt toward marriage migrant women and children of multicultural families — a feeling on a different dimension from negative emotion.
본인이차별감을많이지각할수록두집단에대한연민의정서가함께증가하는것으로나타나The more discrimination one perceived, the more feelings of pity toward the two groups increased together…p20부정적인정서의증가와는또다른차원의감정이개입되고있음을시사하였다…suggesting that an emotion on a different dimension from the increase in negative emotion is involved.p20Authors’ interpretation
Whether a majority judges a minority or minorities judge one another, how positively people see other groups may depend on how satisfying their own lives are.
소수자끼리평가를하는상황이든상관없이자신의개인적삶이얼마나만족스러운가의여부에따라…regardless of whether it is a situation in which minorities evaluate each other, depending on how satisfying one's personal life is…p22다수자집단이소수집단에대한평가를하는상황이든…whether it is a situation in which the majority group evaluates a minority group…p22Discrimination fueling hostility may be explained by people using another minority group as an outlet for frustrated needs.
좌절된욕구를해소할만한대상으로써다른소수집단을사용할가능성으로설명할수도있고This could be explained by the possibility of using another minority group as a target for relieving frustrated needs, and…p23남한사람들로부터차별을받는다고생각할수록다문화집단에대한태도도부정적으로된다는결과인데…the result that the more people think they are discriminated against by South Koreans, the more negative their attitudes toward multicultural groups become…p23Discrimination also raising pity may be because, unlike the majority, defectors can empathize as fellow members of a minority, the author speculates.
어느정도같은소수집단으로써의공감이이루어질수있기때문에…because empathy as fellow minority groups can occur to some extent…p23차별감을높게지각할수록이두집단에대한연민의정서가높아졌다는결과인데…the result that the higher the perceived discrimination, the higher the feelings of pity toward these two groups…p23이는북한이탈주민들이다수자들과는달리어느정도같은소수집단으로써의공감이This is because North Korean defectors, unlike the majority, can to some extent empathize as fellow minority groups…p23Limits the authors note
The study could not analyze how the factors relate to one another or through what process each one shapes attitudes.
각요인이어떤기제로다문화집단에대한긍정적또는부정적태도에영향을미친것인지등에대해서는분석하지못하였다…we were not able to analyze through what mechanism each factor influenced positive or negative attitudes toward multicultural groups.p24그러나각요인들끼리의관계,그리고각요인이어떤기제로However, the relationships among the factors, and through what mechanism each factor…p24Contact effects may have been unclear because too few people had close contact with multicultural groups.
통계적으로유의미한차이를낼수있는정도의친밀한접촉경험자가부족해서…because there were too few people with close contact experience to produce a statistically significant difference…p22접촉의효과가모든대상에대해그리고모든영역에서명확하게나타나지않은이유를…the reason why contact effects did not appear clearly for all targets and in all areas…p22Key terms
Realistic conflict theory Socially valuable resources such as money, fame, natural resources, and energy are limited, so when one group takes them another group goes without — breeding rivalry, hostility, and eventually prejudice.
한집단이사회적으로가치있는자원들을점유하게되면다른집단은그자원을소유하지못하는결과를…when one group occupies socially valuable resources, other groups end up not owning those resources…p4돈, 명성, 천연자원, 에너지등과같이사회적으로가치있는자원은한정되어있고Socially valuable resources such as money, fame, natural resources, and energy are limited, and…p4자원을소유하지못한다고생각할경우경쟁심과적개심이생기고…when people think they cannot own resources, rivalry and hostility arise, and…p4자연스럽게편견으로자리잡게된다는이론이다…a theory that this naturally settles into prejudice.p4Life satisfaction One's own evaluation of one's life — the thinking part of subjective well-being (how happy people feel themselves to be).
삶의만족도는자신의삶에대한주관적인평가인주관적안녕감(subjective well being)의인지적요소Life satisfaction is the cognitive component of subjective well-being, a subjective evaluation of one's own life.p8